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CATS - A Multi-Disk Cataloging Utility Version 2.2 by William C. Parke (c) Copyright 1986,1987 for CHUG, Capital Heath Users' Group P.O. Box 16406, Arlington, Va. 22215-1406 Suggestions for Improvement by Jerry Horwitz Douglas Clark and Larry Sites of CHUG ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This document has been review and edited by Jerry Horwitz, CHUG MSDOS SIG Coordinator Emeritus, who made many corrections and additions. Jerry also tested the program, and made many useful suggestions for enhancing it. Douglas Clark, the new CHUG MSDOS SIG Coordinator, spent many hours testing the program and thinking of ways to improve it. His incisive mind led to the correction of a very difficult to find program bug. The author consulted with the CHUG SYSOP Emeritus, Larry Sites, during program development to gain from his wisdom. INTRODUCTION: CATS is a directory-cataloging program for MS-DOS computer systems. CATS will generate a catalog file which lists the volume label and all directories and files on each disk selected by the user for cataloging (including floppy diskettes, hard-disk partitions, and RAM disks). If the catalog file exists, CATS will append the new data to it. If the catalog file does not exist, CATS will create it. The listing for each file on the disks cataloged is in the form of a record consisting of one line in the catalog file. This record includes fields for the filename and extension, an abbreviated listing of attributes, size, date and time of last write, disk volume label, path, and space for special comments (which can be added with an editor) about each file to identify its purpose. The catalog file can be sorted according to any or all of these fields by means of the sorting utility SORTS supplied with CATS. Cataloging your removable disks will give you the ability to find any file in your library of disks by simply using an editor or file listing utility to search the catalog for the desired file. As disks are modified, their directories can be added to the catalog and, by sorting on the volume label, the catalog can be edited to remove obsolete entries. This obviates the need for rebuilding a large catalog from scratch. The advantages of CATS over other cataloging programs include: 1. Speed: CATS was written in assembly language, and operates very quickly. 2. Multiple drives: CATS lets you use any number of drives. While one is being used, another can be loaded with a new disk. CATS works with any drives supported by the operating system. 3. Ease of use: CATS provides explicit instructions and detailed information on what operation it is performing. A minimal number of keystrokes is used for each command. 4. Flexibility: You can use a different catalog file each time CATS is run. The default catalog file name and its format can be changed. CATS and the catalog file can be in different directories or even on different disks. 5. Universality: CATS should run on any generic MS-DOS computer. 6. Useful format: The catalog file will have a fixed record format with fields for all useful directory data and is suitable for a sorting program to operate on any or all of these fields. 7. Handles many disks: The catalog file is limited only by the capability of the selected sorting program and by available disk space to store the catalog (nominally 80 bytes per record, including the carriage return and line feed). CATS puts no limit on the catalog file size. INVOKING CATS Before running CATS, .change its name from CATS??.COM on your disk to CATS.COM. The command syntax for CATS is: CATS x: [catname][/s] where x: is a valid drive name for the disk you wish cataloged, and [catname] is the optional drive:\path\filename for your catalog file. If no catname is given, the default: \CAT\CATS.DIR is used. [/s] represents optional switches. s= V to Verify current disk volume label, N to Not write your new volume label onto current disk, M to Make sequential numerical volume labels, D to Display disk files onto the console, F to Force a comma Field separator, C to Change the default catname within CATS.COM stored on your disk drive. (No drive name x: is needed for this option.) All switches can be combined (e.g. /NVDC ). Note that the entry for the drive name of the drive containing the disk to be cataloged must be provided, unless the switch 'C' is used. However, the entry associated with the catalog file (catname) is optional. If no catalog file is given, the default catalog file \CAT\CATS.DIR will be used. This default name can be changed with the 'C' switch. All of the switches are optional. CATS.COM must reside in the current directory or in a directory defined in the search PATH. The directory containing the catalog file must exist and must be reachable from the current drive\directory. If CATS.COM resides in a directory defined in the search PATH and "catpath" reaches the directory containing the catalog file from the root directory, you can run CATS from any subdirectory. EXAMPLES OF USE To catalog the disk in drive B: into the default catalog file, use the command CATS B: (This form assumes that the directory containing the default catalog file is reachable from the current drive and directory.) The catalog list of all files on B: will be placed in the default catalog file (\CAT\CATS.DIR on the default drive, unless the user has changed the default). If the catalog file is not found, you will be asked if you wish it to be created. In order for CATS to create the catalog file, the given directory path must exist. To catalog the disk in drive B: into a catalog file other than the default file, such as SPECIAL.DIR on the disk in drive A:, use the command: CATS B: A:SPECIAL.DIR This will add the information for the files on the disk in drive B: to the catalog file SPECIAL.DIR on the disk in drive A:. To catalog a series of disks using drive A:, verifying each volume label, electing to display the disk files on the console, making volume serial numbers, and not writing the new volume labels on the disk, use: CATS A: /VDMN The catalog for this series of disks will be appended to the default catalog. More on Command-Line Switches CATS can be invoked using one or more of the available command-line switches. Example valid forms for invoking these switches include /V for the single switch V /VNM for three switches /V /N /M for the same three switches as the previous case Volume Label Verify Switch /V The V switch allows you change the volume label on the disks you are cataloging, even if these disks already have a volume label. For example, the command CATS A: /V causes CATS to first read the volume label on the disk in drive A:. If one is not found, you will be asked to supply one. If one is present, you will be shown it and asked if you wish to change it. If you answer Y for yes, you will be asked to supply a new name. A volume label can contain all valid file name characters: A-Z 0-9 $ & # % ' ( ) - @ ^ { } ~ ` ! and _. In addition, spaces can be used. Lower case letters are mapped to upper case. The /V switch allows you to relabel your disks in a logical fashion according to the order you have arranged them. After the volume label is changed (if you answered Y for yes), CATS catalogs the files on the disk. No Write Volume Label Switch /N The N switch prevents CATS from writing any new volume label onto the disk itself. This is useful for cataloging write-protected disks which have no labels, to catalog low density disks in high density drives (which should not write to those disks, but can read them), to make a catalog with disk labels which do not correspond to volume labels, or to catalog duplicate disks which you wish to catalog separately. The labels you choose to display in the catalog file should be noted on the disk paper labels, so that you can identify the physical disk which corresponds to a given catalog entry. They do not have to match the volume label on the disk. Make Sequential Numerical Volume Labels Switch /M The M switch is used to automatically label disks with a sequence of numbers. The first eight characters of the volume label can be any name which applies to a set of disks. The last three characters are reserved for a three digit number. CATS will prompt you for the volume set name and the beginning serial number. Each succeeding disk cataloged will be given the same eight character name but with a new serial number, incremented by one from the previous disk. By using both the V and M switches, several sets of disks with different set names can be catalogued in one CATS session, with arbitrary starting serial numbers. If you have over 999 disks in one set, CATS will use one more of the eleven characters to establish a proper serial number, letting you catalog up to 10,000 disks in one series. With both the V and M switches on, CATS will prompt you to verify the new disk volume label while maintaining a volume serial number. If the new label given is satisfactory, you need not change it. However, you may elect to change the volume set name or the serial number. CATS will use your name to begin a new series of numbered labels. Force a Comma Field Separator /F The fields in a CATS catalog are the divisions of each catalog line which show a particular aspect of a file. The filename, attribute, size, creation date, etc. are all considered separate fields. The default field separator in CATS is an single space. Other field separation characters would make the catalog less readable to the human eye, but possibly more useful if the catalog file is to be used as input to a data base or spreadsheet program. A popular field separator for these type of programs is a comma. By applying the /F switch on the command line of CATS, a comma will be used instead of a space to separate fields on each new catalog line. An alternative to the /F switch is a patch to CATS which will change the field separator to any character you choose. Such patches are described later in this document. Display the Current Disk Files onto the Console /D If the D switch is selected, CATS will let you display the files on the current disk onto your console screen. If the V switch is also active, this file list will be given to you before you are asked for a new volume label. In this way, you can review the files on the disk before deciding on a new volume label. Change the Default Catalog File Name /C The C switch lets you change the default catalog file name within the CATS.COM program. The catalog file is used by CATS to store the disk file catalogs. If you have several distinct group of disks, you may wish to have a separate catalog file for each group. Setting the default catalog file name to match one group of disks will mean you do not have to give that name on the command line while cataloging disks in that group. If the C switch is used without any other character, CATS will prompt you for a new catalog name. CATS will accept only valid subdirectory names in the catalog path name. All of the switches described above can be used in combination. For example the command: CATS /VNMC is valid, and will let you establish a new default catalog file, then start cataloging a set of disks, with CATS asking to change the volume label, but without writing any new label to the disk. CATALOGING CONSIDERATIONS CATS has no limit as to how many disks or directory entries can be cataloged. However, the catalog file can grow to substantial size. If you intend to store the catalog file on a floppy disk with 360K bytes storage, you will be able to catalog about 4,530 files, using the default record column length of 78 columns (two additional bytes per record are required for the terminator--a carriage return and line feed). The default record length may be shortened or lengthened (see CHANGING DEFAULT SETTINGS), which changes the maximum number of files that can be stored in a given disk space. To make a sensible catalog of many disks, each disk must be identifiable in the catalog list. Disk volume labels serve this purpose, and therefore each disk cataloged must have a volume label. If CATS finds that a disk volume label is missing, the program will ask you to furnish one or to exit the program. To help find that disk later, some thought should go into the volume label choice. Sequential numbers are often found the most useful, provided these numbers are then written on the disk paper labels. As described above, CATS also allows you to use volume labels which are different than those stored magnetically on the disks. CATS is streamlined to act efficiently cataloging a complete library of disks. When one disk has been cataloged, CATS asks if you wish to continue, and gives you the choice of either operating with the same drive to catalog another disk, or to change to another drive. By switching between drives A: and B:, for example, you can be loading one drive while CATS is working on the disk in the other. When finished, a carriage return closes the completed catalog file and exits back to MS-DOS. CATALOG FILE STRUCTURE CATS creates a catalog file, listing each file found on each disk, together with its size, date and time of creation, disk volume label, and a possible path. Space is reserved to the right in each line to add any comments you wish to help identify the file. The sample records shown below will help illustrate the structure of the catalog files produced by CATS. FOOBAR EXE 89984 83/11-30 01:23 DISK 000001\................... FOOBARS D 85/08-02 02:06 DISK 000001\................... MSDOS SYS s 17071 84/09-10 13:25 DISK 000001\................... DISK 000 001 V 85/08-02 00:25 DISK 000001\................... 104448 86/08-30 10:21 DISK 000001\ <- Free Space..... The format of each record for the default settings is shown below: Field description Default Appearance ================== ======= ========== Filename 1- 8 FILENAME Space1 9 Extension 10-12 EXT Space2 13 Attrib.symbol 14 V D S v d s h File size 15-22 12345678 Space3 23 Date 24-31 86/08-20 Space4 32 Time 33-37 18:45 Space5 38 Volume label 39-49 VOLUMELABEL Path from root 50- \PATH1\PATH2 Fill to end - .... The column positions provided above are the first and last columns of each field. These data are useful for specifying the key field positions needed by by sorting utilities. These set of positions listed are those created by CATS when none of the defaults have been changed. See Appendix A for non- default column positions (see also CHANGING DEFAULT SETTINGS). The files are listed in directory order, that is, just as they are found in the directory on the disk. Directories are listed to identify their creation date, but their display can be suppressed by changing defaults. The disk volume label is also given a separate line, so that the volume label creation date can be noted. (This has the added benefit of showing, in the catalog file, the actual volume label, if you have chosen to use a different one in the catalog.) In addition, a line will appear which has all spaces in the file name field. This line is reserved for indicating the remaining disk space and the current date. When a sort (in ascending order) is performed on the file name field, all of the disk space information will appear on the top of the sorted file. The attribute field takes one column in the default mode of CATS, with one preceding space. The symbols V (volume), D (directory), S (system), and h (hidden) flag symbols are used. If D or S show in lower case, then the directory or system file was hidden. If V is shown in lower case, then the disk had no physical label, and the CATS /N switch was used to prevent one from being created on the disk. In that case, the label used in the catalog file name field is the one supplied by the user during the CATS cataloging session. The archive flag is not shown in the default configuration. (See CHANGING DEFAULT SETTINGS to see how to change the flag characters.) Eight columns are reserved for the file size in bytes, with no preceding space (unless a comma is used as the field separator, in which case only seven columns are used for the file size). As files of 10 Megabytes or more are rare, some clear space will nearly always appear between the attribute and size fields. If a file size or total disk space exceeds the allocated space, question marks will appear in the size field. The date and time indication is non-standard but very logical: The order from left to right starts with the largest unit and proceeds to the smallest. This format was taken to allow chronological sorting of the catalog file based on a single sort over the whole date and time field. The format is: Year/Month-Day Hour:Minute. Seconds are omitted (unless you change the defaults--see CHANGING DEFAULT SETTINGS to see how to change the flag characters) to preserve more comment space on the right of the line. If no date or time is recorded in the directory, asterisks will appear in the date or time field. Since an asterisk is below numbers in an ASCII sort, files without a date or time will appear at the beginning of an ascending sort on these fields. Files without a date or time are unusual and unorthodox, but can be created by some utilities, such as CHKDSK from Microsoft Corporation. (Rescued orphan-cluster files with the name FILE0xxx.CHK are created without a date or time.) The volume label is an important sorting and searching field. Thus CATS requires a disk volume label or a label which you supply interactively. By searching the catalog produced by CATS for a given file and reading the volume label which follows, the disk on which the file resides can be quickly identified. Unless the 'N' switch is used with CATS, the volume label will correspond to the label written in that disk directory. Otherwise, it will be the name you gave for the volume label when cataloging the disk and should correspond to the disk paper label. The label field has eleven characters, with no space before the following path name. The path name field has a variable length (limited by the maximum record length, which has a default value of 78). If the path name will not fit in the record length of one line, it will be truncated. A switch in CATS can be used to turn off the path name field, making it easier to add longer comments to a file line (see CHANGING DEFAULT SETTINGS). The path name field is of somewhat lesser utility on 360 kilobyte diskettes than hard disks, as these usually do not have an extensive directory tree structure. However, this field can be quite useful for hard-disk partitions and for 96 tpi/720 KB and high- density/1.25 MB floppies. The catalog line showing the remaining disk space and current date will have the comment: ' <- Free Space ' replacing the path name field. USING THE CATALOG FILE A good sorting program should be able to sort any of the defined fields of your catalog, giving you alphabetical file name listings, chronological listings, disk contents listings, file size orderings, etc. Sorting on the volume label field will concatenate the files for each disk in the catalog. Once a number of disks have been cataloged with CATS, the catalog can be sorted sequentially to produce almost any desired ordering of the listings. Further processing by a utility such as UNIQ can eliminate duplicate listings, should these eventually creep into the catalog. A companion sorting program called SORTS is available with CATS for ordering your catalog file. Both CATS and SORTS were written in assembly language, making them quite fast. In addition, SORTS uses all available memory to perform its sorting function. Catalog files with up to 30,000 lines can be sorted, with the sorting order determined by a selection of multiple key columns, sorting in normal or reverse order in any of these selected columns. This makes SORTS one of the most versatile sorting programs available. SORTS contains a set of default sorting columns which match the default fields used in a CATS catalog. This means you do not have to determine or enter the column positions each time SORTS is run. The default column order settings in SORTS are: Column order setting Purpose for CATS Catalog file --------------------------------------------------------------------- n=1-8,10-12,14 Sort by name, extension, attribute s=r15-22,14,1-3 Reverse sort by file size, then attr., then file extension t=r24-25,r27-28,r30-31, Reverse sort by date, then name r33-34,r36-37,1-2 l=39-49,1 Sort by volume label, then name p=51-67,39-49 Sort by path name, then vol. label a=14,1-8,10-12 Sort by attribute, then file name y=r24-25,1-8,10-12 Reverse sort by year, then file name -------------------------------------------------------------------- As an example, suppose you wished to find all files in your catalog CATS.DIR which were created in 1985 with a given name. You could first perform the sort: SORTS CATS.DIR CATY.DIR/Uy Then, use a file listing utility to search within and display the new sorted catalog. All files with a given name within 1985 will be arranged together in the new catalog (refer to the documentation for SORTS for a detailed description of its the command syntax). CAUTION: If you edit a catalog and then wish to use CATS to add new disk volumes, be sure the catalog file has not been terminated with a control-Z by your editor. If it has, that same editor may not be able to view the appended new volume information. The editor BSE.EXE supplied with the Zenith Programmer's Utility Pack is a fine editor for quickly searching a catalog and adding comments. Moreover, it will not automatically add end- of-file characters when you finish editing. For a quick search for a particular file, Vernon Buerg's LIST.COM (or ZLIST.COM on the Z100) is probably the fastest available file-to- screen displayer and text-string searcher. CHANGING DEFAULT SETTINGS The default settings are stored in CATS.COM near the beginning of the program. Ordinarily, these settings need not be changed. However, some users may prefer a different configuration of CATS. To change the default catalog name so that it does not have to be supplied on the command line, use the command: CATS /C CATS will give the present default catalog name and request a new one. You may give a complete drive and path name or simply the file name, if the catalog is to be on the drive and in the directory from which CATS is invoked. For the /C to work, CATS must be able to find itself on the disk. If you must change the name of the program, change the file name CATS.COM within the program near its beginning using the DEBUG utility. Other configuration parameters may also be changed. However, these may affect the format of the catalog file, and therefore should not be changed unless you plan to create a completely new catalog (see CATALOG FILE STRUCTURE). Listed below are the configuration parameters which can be changed with the MS-DOS utility DEBUG. Make these changes with care, and keep a backup copy of CATS, just in case an error occurs. Load CATS into DEBUG with the command: DEBUG CATS.COM <cr> (The <cr> means "RETURN" or "ENTER".) Use the E(xamine) command of DEBUG to look at and make changes to a particular byte at a given address. For example, E10A <cr> will show the current byte at address 10A (in hexadecimal). You can put your own value following the current one, then a <cr>. An ASCII character can also be inserted directly with the E(xamine) command. For example, to change the archive flag character to an 'A', you could use the command: E104'A' <cr> To see the new set of values in one display, use the D(isplay) command: D100 <cr> When you have finished reconfiguring CATS with DEBUG, you can write CATS back to the disk using the W(rite) command. Exit DEBUG with the Q(uit) command. Address Default (hex) Value Purpose ======= ======= ======================== 0103 '.' comment-field fill-char. 0104 ' ' (space) archive flag character 0105 'h' hidden flag character 0106 'S' system flag character 0107 'V' volume flag character 0108 0FFH show paths if bit 1=1 0109 0 show seconds if bit 1=1 010A 04FH columns in record (78) 010B 0FFH reserved 010C 0 reserved 010D 1 show dir. if bit 0=1 010E 'D' directory flag character 010F 1 add space before file ext. 0110 2 col. space for attr. field 0111 0 reserved 0112 ' ' (space) field separation character 0113 '?' numeric overflow character 0114 '*' no date fill character 0115 '*' no time fill character The comment-field fill-line character is a period (.) so that the length of each record (one line) is visible. Some sorting utilities must have fixed record lengths. As you add comments to each file line, the periods help to keep track of the length of each line. The default archive flag character is a space to make the catalog file more readable. There are usually many files on a floppy disk with the archive flag set, since this flag is set whenever the file is written, and not reset until a BACKUP utility is run. If any other attribute is present for display, the archive flag will not be shown, even if you change the character to a visible one. If a file has only the hidden flag set or the archive and hidden flag set, the hidden flag (h) will be displayed in the catalog. A hidden system file or directory will have a lower case (S) or (D) character following the file name. The case of the flag is lowered in CATS by forcing bit 5 in the flag character's binary code to be high (bits are numbered from LSB=0 to MSB=7). If you change a flag character from the initial default to any of the ASCII characters between the space (20H) and '?' (3FH), this bit will already be high, so the case of the flag character will not change when the file hidden flag is detected. If the byte at address 108 is changed to 0, the file directory path names will not be shown. This will leave more space for comments to identify files. The byte at address 109 controls whether seconds are displayed in the time field. If so, it will take three extra columns. You can change the record length with the byte at address 10A. Records longer than the standard screen width of 80 columns up to 255 columns are allowed by CATS. Of course, only 80 columns can be seen on a normal screen, so an editor or listing utility capable of horizontal scrolling would be needed to read the remainder of any records wider than 80 columns. A default of 78 columns per record rather than 80 is taken so that if your console has an automatic line wrapping set on, you will not see the catalog file apparently double spaced when the catalog file is sent to the screen. In addition, having 78 visible characters in a record plus a carriage return and linefeed gives a full record length divisible by 16, helping some sorting utilities. The listing of directories can be suppressed if the byte at address 10D is 0. One additional space for comments can be gained by deleting the space between file names and their extensions. This space is controlled by the byte at address 10F. Additional comment space can be gained by reducing or removing the field reserved for the attribute flag. The byte at address 110 can be 0, 1, or 2, representing the number of columns reserved for the attribute character and preceding field separator. For those who wish to use the CATS catalog as input to a data base program, the field separation character at address 112 can be changed to a comma, or any other character. CATS ERROR MESSAGES If you type CATS without any command string following, you will be shown a help screen with the proper command syntax. The error messages generated by CATS are explained below. MS-DOS version above 2.0 required. Version 1.x of MS-DOS will not run CATS. X: is an invalid drive. Currently drives are: A: to ... The drive name you specified was outside the range recognized by your system. Bad catalog disk, path, or file name. The directories in the path must exist. As a precaution against typographical errors creating new but unwanted directories, CATS requires that the directory path to your catalog file exists. Volume name matches a file name. The volume label you specified has been rejected because it is the same as a file name on the root directory of the disk. Error creating volume label. The following may cause this error: Invalid volume label character; disk is flagged write only; the directory space on the disk is full; the disk format was unrecognized; the given volume label matches a current file name. Error writing to catalog file: ... The disk containing the catalog file is write protected or may not have any space left. Invalid switch. A switch character following the '/' on the command line was found not to match the defined ones. The catalog program was not found. An attempt to change the configuration of CATS failed, because CATS.COM could not be found. If you wish to rename CATS.COM to any other name, the /C option will not work unless you also change the CATS.COM path name within CATS itself. This can be done using DEBUG. The path name CATS.COM appears near the front of the program. There are 64 bytes reserved for the path name. Catalog name was not changed. An invalid new catalog name was supplied, or a carriage return was given in response to the request for a new name. Volume label error. Sample format: VOLUME 000 The /M make volume serial label was used. The volume set label must end in three numerical digits. MS-DOS ERROR MESSAGES WHILE IN CATS The MS-DOS operating system can generate an error message when you attempt to access a disk drive containing no disk or with the drive door open. You will see the messages: Drive ready error reading drive x: Abort, Retry, or Ignore? _ If the disk is unformated or has a bad sector, you may see the message: Disk error reading drive x: Abort, Retry, or Ignore? _ If you have left a write protect tab on the disk, and you attempt to create a new volume label on the disk, MS-DOS gives: Write protect error writing drive x: Abort, Retry, or Ignore? _ You should put a valid disk in the drive, close the door, and press 'R' for Retry. CATS can then continue. If you press 'A' for abort, the system will return to the operating system prompt on the drive from which CATS was invoked. APPENDIX A: Alternative CATS File Formats When some of the default settings are changed in CATS.COM using DEBUG, the format of the catalog file records will also change. This affects the beginning of the sorting field columns. Below is a list of the new column positions for a sample of changed switches within CATS: Field ------------ Column positions ---------- description Default Alternate record format Appearance ============== ====== ================================= ========== Filename 1- 8 1- 8 1- 8 1- 8 1- 8 1- 8 FILENAME Space 9 ** 9 ** 9 ** Extension 10-12 9-11 10-12 9-11 10-12 9-11 EXT Space 13 12 ** ** ** ** Attribute 14 13 13 12 ** ** V D S d s h File size 15-22 14-21 14-21 13-20 13-20 12-19 mmttthhh Date 24-31 23-30 23-30 22-29 22-29 21-28 86/08-20 Time 33-37+ 32-36+ 32-36+ 31-35+ 31-35+ 30-34+ 18:45 Volume label 39-49 38-48 38-48 37-47 37-47 36-46 volumelabel Path from root 50- 49- 49- 48- 48- 47- \path\path Fill to end - .... _____________________________________________________________________ ** Position deleted by changing defaults. + An additional three positions are used for optional display of seconds. If the defaults are changed to display seconds, add three to the width of the key field length for sorting time, and add three each to the start and end positions for volume label and to the start position for path. DISTRIBUTION: CATS is released for use by members of the Capital Heath Users' Group by its initial distribution. With Version 1.8, CATS is released for distribution into the public domain by its author, W. C. Parke. CATS is copyrighted 1986 by W. C. Parke, 1820 S Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 667-4094. CATS may be freely copied and used, but may not be sold for profit or bundled with products offered for sale without expressed permission of the author.